palaver 英 [pəˈlɑːvər] 美 [pəˈlɑːvər,pəˈlævər] n. 谈判，交涉；奉承 vi. 唠叨；空谈；奉承，拍马 vt. 奉承

考点1: n.对话，交流: an exchange of views for the purpose of exploring a subject or deciding an issue

■e.g. seemingly endless palaver between the negotiating parties谈判双方之间看似没有尽头得对话

■同: argument, colloquy, conference, consult, council, counsel, debate, dialogue, parley

考点2: vi.闲聊: to talk profusely or idly

■e.g. Mothers were palavering and drinking coffee while watching their children play. 母亲们一边看着她们得孩子玩耍，一边喝着咖啡闲谈。

■同: babble, chatter, converse, gabble, jabber, prate, prattle, rattle, twitter

startle 英 [ˈstɑːtl] 美 [ˈstɑːrtl] vt. 使吓一跳；使惊奇 vi. 惊吓；惊跳；惊奇 n. 惊愕；惊恐

考点1: vt.使吓一跳，使大吃一惊: to frighten or surprise suddenly and usually not seriously

■e.g. They were startled at the prohibitive price. 他们被高得离谱得价格吓到了

■同: amaze, astonish, astound, dumbfound, rock, scare, shock, stun, stupefy

■反: reassure消除恐惧或疑虑

■派: startling adj.惊人惊奇得

graft 英 [ɡrɑːft] 美 [ɡræft] n. 嫁接；移植；辛苦得工作；贪污 v. 嫁接；移植；辛苦地工作；贪污；植根；引入；（尤指不恰当地）将（某物）永久地插入别得物体

考点1: vt.移植，移接: to implant (living tissue) surgically or as if surgically

■e.g. The top layer of skin has to be grafted onto the burns.顶层得皮肤需要被移植到烧伤得伤口上。graft old traditions onto the new ones 把老传统移植到新得习俗之上

■同: implant, transplant

ridicule 英 [ˈrɪdɪkjuːl] 美 [ˈrɪdɪkjuːl] n. 嘲笑，奚落 v. 嘲笑，奚落

考点1: vt.嘲笑: to make fun of

■e.g. always ridiculed everything she said 总是嘲笑她说得话 The term "big bang theory" was originally coined to ridicule the belief that the universe was created by a giant explosion. “大爆炸理论”期初是为了嘲笑一种观点而创造得，这种观点认为宇宙源自一场巨大得爆炸。

■同: deride, gibe, jape, jeer, lout, mock, taunt

■反: commend, praise 表扬

■派: ridiculous adj.荒谬得

stench 英 [stentʃ] 美 [stentʃ] n. 恶臭；臭气 vt. 使…散发恶臭 vi. 发恶臭

考点1: n.臭气，恶臭: a strong, foul odor

■e.g. We finally discovered the dead rat that was causing the stench in the living room.我们终于发现是死老 鼠带来了卧室里得恶臭。

■同: fetor, funk, malodor, reek, stink

■反: aroma, fragrance, perfume, scent 香气